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Browse Relevant Research Below

(Last Update: June'26)

Resources

Hernández-Orallo & Vold (2019), "AI Extenders"

AI as an extension of the mind, and what that means for how it changes us.

Kosmyna et al. (2025), "Your Brain on ChatGPT" (MIT)

the "cognitive debt" study: essay-writing with LLM assistance showed reduced neural engagement and recall.

Risko & Gilbert (2016), "Cognitive Offloading"

the foundational review of when and why we hand thinking to tools.

Gerlich (2025)

survey evidence linking heavier AI reliance to lower critical-thinking scores, mediated by cognitive offloading.

Lee et al. (2025, CHI)

knowledge workers' confidence in AI predicts less critical thinking on the task.

Sparrow, Liu & Wegner (2011), "Google Effects on Memory"

the original evidence that we remember where to find things instead of the things themselves.

Clark & Chalmers (1998), "The Extended Mind"

the philosophy underneath it all: when does a tool become part of your thinking?

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